C11 standard pdf download

The current draft of the standard is maintained as LaTeX sources on Github. These sources can be converted to HTML using cxxdraft-htmlgen. The following sites maintain HTML pages so generated:. So if you've tried to look up a particular function, been informed "This function is part of POSIX, not the C standard", and wondered why an operating system standard was mandating compiler features and language extensions Section 1.

I don't think they're incorporated into the documents as linked above. The following all draft versions of the standard : All the following are freely downloadable N N N N N The following all draft versions of the standard : All the following are freely downloadable many of these can be found at this main GitHub link N N N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git.

The following all draft versions of the standard : All the following are freely downloadable N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git N git. The following all draft versions of the standard : All the following are freely downloadable N differences from N very minor N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N C99 is available online.

Quoted from www. This is a WG14 working paper, but it reflects the consolidated standard at the time of issue. C11 N text. C99 N Drafts of the Standard are circulated for comment prior to ratification and publication.

Note that a working draft is not the standard currently in force, and it is not exactly the published standard.

ISO standards cost money, from a moderate amount for a PDF version , to a bit more for a book version. While they aren't finalised however, they can usually be found online, as drafts. Most of the times the final version doesn't differ significantly from the last draft, so while not perfect, they'll suit just fine.

Plus, as already mentioned, the working draft for future standards is often available from the committee websites:. Hardcopy versions are available, too. Also adding the C11 standard: open-std. You could possibly add the link to isocpp. Show 18 more comments. Add a comment. The "N" link goes to a four-page document containing a few defect reports. I like this answer because it makes it clear what is the most recent draft for each major release. James Hopkin. The FCD is available now. Anthony Williams.

Is it really the last draft? Cubbi, since I can't personally prove that it is, I modified the wording. Cubbi: he did say it was the last draft of the ANSI standard. I thought that was for leap seconds, makes sense. Show 1 more comment. Currently, techstreet. Thanks a lot for the link to Techstreet. Kris Kumler. Compiler documentation is important, but knowing the language rather than knowing your implementation is much more. With the actual standard you can find bugs in the compilers and help them to better follow the standard by patching them, by submitting bug reports or simply entering an IRC room and talking to someone who can fix it.

When you have the standard itself as the ideal, you can demand compatibility from the vendor. Compiler documentation tends to leave out the stuff covered in the standards, anyway. The SAI Global link is no longer valid. I've checked archive. In another scenario, the microbial diversity of a natural ZnS-producing biofilm in the Piquette Mine and the in situ development of the SRB population over 6 months, and potential microbial interactions necessary to sustain them, were investi- gated.

The first aim was to determine the nature of microbial populations and inter- actions potentially responsible for the formation of ZnS deposits. The second aim was to understand the processes that could be mimicked for remediation of metal- contaminated aquifers in schemes that involve installation of wood or related mate- rials after mine closure Labrenz and Banfield, Abundant, micrometer-scale and spherical aggregates of nm diameter sphalerite ZnS particles are formed within natural biofilms dominated by relatively aerotolerant sulfate-reducing bacteria of the family Desulfobacteriaceae sp.

The biofilm zinc concentration is about times that of associated groundwater 0. Sphalerite also concen- trates arsenic 0.

An almost monomineralic prod- uct is seen to result from buffering of sulfide concentrations at low values by sphalerite precipitation. These results show how microbes control metal concentrations in groundwater- and wetland-based remediation systems, and suggest biological routes for the formation of some low-temperature ZnS deposits Labrenz et al.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria SRB have been used for the remediation of metal- contaminated groundwater and soil through the precipitation of metal sulfides. These ZnSNPs can be used A novel, clean biological transformation reaction by immobilized Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been developed for the synthesis of zinc sulfide ZnS nanoparticles with an average diameter of 8 nm Bai et al.

Synthesis can be performed in a mL sterile serum bottle containing 15 g immobilized Rhodobacter sphaeroides, 2. After the bio-transformation reaction is finished, the precipitate is washed sev- eral times with distilled water.

Studies in India have demonstrated that the fungus Verticillium sp. The acidophillic fungus Verticillium sp. The bio-transformation was routinely monitored by visual inspection of the biomass as well as measurement of the UV-vis spectra from the fungal cells. When exposed to metal ions, the fungus F. Extracellular secretion of enzymes offers the advantage of obtaining large quantities in a relatively pure state, free from other cellular proteins associated with the organism, and can be easily processed by filtering of the cells and isolating the enzyme for nanoparticles synthesis from cell-free filtrate.

The use of specific enzymes secreted by organisms such as fungi in the synthesis of nanoparticles is exciting for the following reasons. The process can be extended to the synthesis of nanoparticles of different chemical compositions and, indeed, different shapes and sizes by suitable identification of enzymes secreted by the fungi.

Understanding the surface chemistry of the biogenic nanoparticles i. This would then lead to the possibility of genetically engineering microbes to over-express specific reducing molecules and capping agents, thereby controlling the size and shape of the biogenic nanoparticles. The rational use of constrained environments within cells such as the periplasmic space and cytoplasmic vesicular compartments e.

The fungal- and actinomycete actinomycetes-mediated green chemistry approach towards the synthesis of nanoparticles has many advantages, such as the ease with which the process can be scaled up, economic viability, and the possi- bility of easily covering large surface areas by suitable growth of the mycelia.

Compared to bacterial fermentations in which the process technology involves the use of sophisticated equipment for obtaining clear fil- trates from the colloidal broths, fungal broths can be easily filtered by filter press of similar simple equipment, saving considerable investment costs for equipment.

Fungi have been found to be extremely efficient secretors of soluble proteins and, under optimized conditions of fermentations, mutant strains secrete up to 30 g L—1 of extracellular proteins. In the strains selected for enzyme fermentations, the desired enzyme constitutes the only component or at least forms the major ingre- dient of the secreted protein with high specific activities. It is this trait of high-level protein secretion, besides their eukaryotic nature, that has made fungi the favorite hosts for heterologous expression of high-value mammalian protein for manufac- turing by fermentation.

Further, compared to bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are known to secrete much higher amounts of proteins, thereby significantly increasing the productivity of this biosynthesis approach Mukherjee et al.

The major drawback of using semiconductor nanoparticles including ZnO for bio-applications is its insolubility in aqueous media. Meanwhile, hydro-gels made from Poly N-isopropyl acrylamide are being used in various biomedical applica- tions due to their aqueous inner environment, biological compatibility, and feasi- bility for conjugating with biological molecules. A novel ZnO-hydro-gel-based fluorescent colloidal semiconductor nanomaterial system has been developed for biomedical applications such as cell imaging.

UV-emitting ZnO rod particles of — nm in diameter of excellent quality have been synthesized using gas evaporation method. Since biological applications require water-soluble nanomaterials, ZnO nanoparticles are first dispersed in water by the ball-milling method, and their aqueous stability and fluorescence properties are enhanced by incorporating them in bio-compatible Poly N-isopropyl acrylamide PNIPAM -based hydro-gel polymer matrix. The optical properties of ZnO-hydro-gel colloidal dispersion versus ZnO- water dispersion have been analyzed.

Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates an enhancement of fluorescence by a factor of ten in ZnO-hydro-gel colloidal system compared to ZnO-water system, confirming the surface modification of ZnO nanoparticles by hydro-gel polymer matrix Xu et al.

Sensors Zinc oxide ZnO has received considerable attention because of its unique optical, semiconducting, piezoelectric, and magnetic properties. ZnO nanostructures exhibit interesting properties including high catalytic efficiency and strong adsorption Recently, interest has been focused on the application of ZnO in biosensing because of its high iso-electric point 9. Such features advocate the use of this exciting material as a biomimic mem- brane to immobilize and modify bio-molecules.

This highlights the potential use of ZnO in modified electrodes and biosensing, based on the recent development at Georgia Institute, US Xu et al. Aside from their subtle crystallographic differences originating from a unique hydrogen bonding pattern, their thermody- namic interrelation has been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction XRD and differential scanning calorimetry DSC , combined with thermogravimetry TGA-MS.

Using a new heterogeneous step-reaction approach, the kinetics of dehy- dration of the two forms of ZPT was studied and their corresponding transition tem- perature determined.

Low-temperature drift, FT-Raman and 1H, 31P MAS-NMR phosphorus magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance reveal an oriented distortion of the zinc phosphate tetrahedra, due to a characteristic of the hydrogen bonding pattern, and in accordance with the molecular tetrahedral linkage scheme of the phosphate groups. Biogenic hydroxyapatite HAP and one of its metastable pre- cursors, a calcium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate DCPD or Brushite, were also obtained and used to underline the resulting variations of chemical reactivity in zinc phosphates Xu et al.

Antibacterial Properties The antibacterial behavior of suspensions of zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnO nano- fluids against E. ZnO nanoparticles are used to formu- late nanofluids. The effects of particle size, concentration, and the use of dispersants on the antibacterial behavior were examined.

The results show that the ZnO nano- fluids have bacteriostatic activity against E. The antibacterial activity increases with increasing nanoparticle concentration and decreasing particle size. SEM analyses of the bacteria before and after treatment with ZnO nanofluids show that the presence of ZnO nanoparticles damages the membrane wall of the bacteria Zhang et al. A method of coating paper with zinc oxide nanoparticles using ultrasound has been reported by Ghule et al. The nanoparticle-coated paper has antibacterial activity, as revealed by tests against E.

The paper could be used on hospital walls, in particular operation theatres, as well as in residential complexes. The coat- ing approach could also be extended to textiles to generate suits with antibacterial properties to combat bioterrorism. Using ultrasound as a coating method is simpler than mechanical methods.

It is also cheaper, uses less material, avoids waste, and uses water as the solvent. There are many future applications of the coated paper, It is also planned to develop the method to coat alumina and silica nanoparticles onto paper as an eco- nomical alternative for thin-layer chromatography TLC plates for chromatography. However, the disadvantage of photo-catalytically reduced volatile organic com- pounds generating stains on the antibacterial wallpaper requires further study.

It is used in the topical treatment of acne, a diffused skin pathology, given the efficacy of zinc-erythromycin combination against resistant Propionibacterium strains. These nanoparticles, which have an average size of 40 nm, have been coated on the bleached cotton fabrics plain weave, 30 s count using acrylic binder, and the functional prop- erties of coated fabrics were studied.

Air permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics is significantly higher than the control; it would therefore have increased breathability. In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric, due to its nanosize and uniform distribution, friction would be significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO- coated fabric as studied by Automated Materials Testing System.

Further studies are underway to evaluate wash fastness, antimicrobial properties, abrasion properties, and fabric handle properties Yadav et al. Prospects of Zinc recovery from tailings and Biosynthesis of Zinc-based nano-materials Zinc tailings are a huge global resource from which zinc can be extracted. These tail- ings are generated after optimal and conventionally achievable recovery as dumps. As these concentrator tailings are generated during the flotation of concentrates of zinc sphalerite , they also contain trace levels of metals such as Co, Ni, Fe, and As.

Economical processing of the zinc tailings by chemical process has yet to be realized. However, for extraction of metals from such materials, the bioprocessing route is currently being considered to produce materials from zinc sulfate solutions of high concentration for economic reasons.

These raw materials could be efficiently processed by the biological or biochemical route to extract metals of the desired size and form. Of the available technologies, the investigation of microorganisms is proposed.

At present, microbial methods of synthesis of nanomaterials of varying It would be interesting to combine the bioleaching of zinc from low-grade feedstocks and tail- ings with the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, which could make microbial synthesis a commercially feasible proposition and help in better utilization of the discarded waste material.

The current revolution in nanoscience is a result of several advances in technology. The inherent properties of biochemical reactions occurring in microbes can be uti- lized to our advantage in controlled synthesis of materials from varied sources in desired forms. When viewing the future capabilities of the area of nano-biosynthesis, the syn- thesis of metal nanoparticles using microbes such as bacteria, yeasts, algae, actino- mycetes, and fungi is gaining momentum due to the eco-friendly nature of the organisms which reduce toxic chemicals.

The con- fluence of environmental biotechnology and nanotechnology will lead to the most exciting progress in the development of nano-devices having bio-capabilities in metal remediation strategies. Noble metal nanoparticle-based chemistry has immense advantages in the area of drinking water purification, as it is capable of the removal of organic compounds, heavy metals, and microorganisms.

While the chemistry of noble metal nanoparticles is unique in the removal of many contaminants, their high energy surface results in systems attempting to minimize the surface energy through protection or chemical transformation or agglomeration. Nanoparticles are therefore likely to adsorb a number of other species on the surface.

Nanoparticles may exploit biological pathways to achieve payload delivery of small molecules to cellular and intracellular targets Faraji and Wipf, Synthesis strategies, including surface, porosity, stealthing, and size modifications, can be uti- lized to refine the pharmacokinetic properties of nanoparticles and allow for efficient delivery.

The most important criteria in the use of nanoparticles are as follows. There are many advantages of supported nanoparticle chemistry, including minimum leaching of nanoparticles into the environment, easy nanoparticle separation, and lower loss in the efficiency of nanoparticle chemistry.

The highly structured physical and biosynthesis potential of the microbial cells in the production of nanosized materials should be utilized Abhilash and Pandey, An immediate objective of further research is therefore, to use the structured activities of microbes to achieve and control manipulation of the size and shape of the particles. Issues that need to be addressed include development of a fundamental understanding of the process mechanism on a cellular and molecular level, including isolation and identification of the compounds responsible for the synthesis of desired materials.

Fundamentals of zinc recovery from metallurgical wastes in the Enviroplas process. Minerals Engineering — Abhilash, Pandey, B. Synthesis of zinc-based nanomaterials: a biological perspective. IET-Nanobiotechnology 6 4 : — Adhikari, A.

Microbiological leaching of the polymetallic sulphides ore of Gorubathan. Journal of the Institute of Engineers India 17— Asadi Zeydabadi, B. Zinc recovery from blast furnace flue dust.

Hydrometallurgy — Bai, H. Biological synthesis of semiconductor zinc sulfide nanoparticles by immobilized Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Biotechnology Letters — Bayat, O. Bioleaching of zinc and iron from steel plant waste using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology — Becheri, A. Several processes have been developed for the recycling of low-grade ores or concentrates and tailings, previously considered as waste in the zinc industry. Some of the practices being carried out internationally are described in the following sections.

Extraction of Pb-Zn from tailings for utilization and Production in china The project involves the processing of tons per day of tailings Qingzhong, , with a production line of tons per year of lead and zinc. The company has been producing 8 Mt of Pb-Zn Lawrence, during 23 years of mining and milling operations.

The waste tailing from the unit contains small amounts of silver, lead, and zinc. Thiourea-assisted leaching was proposed for total extraction of silver Reuter et al. This open-stope mining from two areas has a production rate of up to 2 Mtpa with pre-beneficiated low-grade ore tails back-filled to the mined-out stopes Fourie et al. The residue is discarded as a cake from a Waelz kiln processing Pb-Zn carbonate ores. The zinc plant residue containing The large particles contain substantially all the iron together with almost all the Pb, V, and Zn.

The remainder consists of the rod-like calcium sulfide and the lead-containing compound, which is fairly magnetic. This material is passed through the magnetic separator. The magnetic fraction so obtained has a Pb fraction along with vanadium and zinc, and some amount of Fe-stained calcium sulfate.

They also contain zinc, silicon, magnesium, and other minor elements as oxides in lesser amounts. The direct recy- cling of flue dust is not usually possible since it contains some undesirable elements, such as zinc and alkaline metals. In some cases, the dust also contains toxic elements such as zinc, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic which cannot be diverted for landfill.

The metal-rich solution is sub- jected to purification-extraction and electro-winning of zinc Asadi Zeydabadi et al. The Enviroplas process developed by Mintek can treat wastes such as lead blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace dust, and neutral leach residues from the zinc industry. With a DC arc furnace and an imperial smelting process ISP lead splash condenser, zinc is recovered as prime western grade metal with simultaneous pro- duction of a disposable slag Abdel-latif, Zinc was found as smithsonite and To recycle the goethite, waste production of glass ceramic material has been explored by adding other wastes.

The leaching behavior of three Fe-containing sphalerite minerals with 0. For all the sphalerite samples, the leach data closely fitted a rate expression which incorporates both a shrinking sphere term and rate control via diffusion through a reacted surface layer Weisener et al.

The acid leaching of slag in two stages shows For the recovery of zinc and cadmium from zinc electrolyte purification waste, the material was leached out in zinc-depleted electrolyte and then cadmium was cemented out. A sulfate leach liquor containing g L—1 Zn, In the cementation stage, cadmium Zinc from the solution with g L—1 Zn and 0. The fine fraction of zinc dross, zinc ash, and the slag is treated by acid Mackiw and Veltman, ; Ligiane et al.

The process of leaching coupled with solvent extraction-electrowinning SX- EW and cementation is also applied for extraction of zinc from Cd—Ni plant residues Safarzadeh et al. A simple hydrometallurgical process has been developed to recover zinc and sulfur as zinc concentrate and silver and lead as lead-silver sponge from silver concentrate. The process can be incorporated into the existing plant without any problem Raghavan et al.

The leaching of low-grade oxide zinc ore and simultaneous integrated selective extraction of zinc have also been investigated using a small-scale leaching column and laboratory-scale box mixer-settlers. The leach liquor with A room-temperature cathodic electrolytic process has been developed in the laboratory to recover zinc from industrial leach residues.

The various parameters affecting the electroleaching process were studied using a statistically designed experiment. Since significant amounts of iron are also present in the leach liquor, attempts were made to purify it before zinc recovery by electrowinning. Reductive dissolution and the creation of anion vacancies are found to be responsible for the dissolution of zinc ferrite present in the leach residue Bhat and Natarajan, , ; Reddy et al. Pelletizing and alkaline leaching of powdery low-grade zinc oxide ores.

Low-grade powdery zinc oxide ores 5. Decreasing the solidification time can reduce the reaction time and increase the dissolution of zinc Feng et al. Influence of flotation reagents. Lead flotation tailings of the Dandy min- eral processing plant in northwestern Iran contain oxidized zinc minerals.

Zinc recovery from the tailing is reported in the presence of different flotation reagents and dispersing reagent. Among the dispersants tested, sodium hexametaphosphate gives a higher zinc grade of Laboratory-scale investigations by Hindustan Zinc Limited HZL , India using a 3 inch flotation column has confirmed the production of zinc concentrate of the desired grade.

Bioleaching has now been extended to the commercial extraction and recovery of cobalt Brierly and Brierly, Near-future commercial appli- cations will likely remain focused on recoveries of copper, gold, and possibly nickel.

Recent technical advances show that very refractory chalcopyrite can be successfully bioleached. Bioleaching can also be utilized to oxidize zinc sulfides. Although slower than chemical leaching, bioleaching of sphalerite ZnS does not require gaseous oxygen since Fe II oxidation is carried out by the microorganisms.

In this case, air is required for bacterial respiration. This basis has been applied by numerous groups around the globe for treating high- and low-zinc-containing zinc concentrates, ores, and tailings Viera et al. Bioleaching of Zn from copper mining residues by Aspergillus niger In Canadian mines, large amounts of soil and rocks with low amounts of metals were exposed to wind, rainfall, and other weathering factors e.

Various groups of native microor- ganisms such as bacteria and fungi can accelerate the production of acid and enhance the leachability of metals to a commercially attractive concentration, thereby adding value to the mining residues. The concentration of metals mg per kg of mine residue is Cu: ; Fe: ; Zn: ; and Ni: Bioleaching of Zinc from Steel Plant Waste using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A solid waste sample of electric arc furnace EAF steel-making dust from a steel plant in Turkey contained 1.

Maximum extraction using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxi- dans is achieved at pH 1. The leaching of copper from the native tailings pond sedi- ment is relatively rapid, with complete leaching taking only 12 h in a fermentor with aeration and agitation due to small particle size. Based on the results for leaching of copper from the tailings pond sediment, two approaches that may be economically feasible for scale-up are the use of a shallow aerated pond containing a layer of sediment or the use of a continuous stirred tank reactor CSTR in the airlift mode.

A better microbial activity is observed in case of coarser fractions. The governing attribute to the increased leach- ing by bacteria is because of the high ratio of Fe III :Fe total encountered during the process.

In tailings, heavy metals are unquestionably the major ecological factor responsible for the microbial distribution. However, it is also important for the surviving species to adapt to secondary ecological factors such as nutrients, pH, and oxygen concentration Zhang et al. The results showed that the tailings had no significant gradient of heavy metals with the depths. Bacterial diversity at depths of 5—10 cm Dy0 , cm Dy1 , and cm Dy2 was evaluated on the basis of their growth characteristics.

The dominance of Gamma proteobacteria in layer Dy0 was possible due to the heterotro- phic feature of these clones, which were mainly close to Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Shigella sp.

At prolonged depths of Dy1, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospira sp. Acidobacteria The restriction endonuclease Xbal digested A. The enhanced resistance of A. Bioleaching of Zinc Sulfides by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Bioleaching of three zinc sulfides marmatite, sphalerite, and ZnS, synthetically prepared with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated by the electrochem- ical methods.

The experimental results show that marmatite has the highest disso- lution rate of the three zinc sulfides in the presence of bacterial strains due to the difference in physicochemical properties Boon et al.

Compared to synthetic ZnS, the iron is found to exist as pyrite in two concentrates and the dissolution of zinc sulfides is accelerated for galvanic cell effect. The bac- terial leaching of zinc sulfides could become diffusion controlled when insufficient bacterial oxidation of the sulfur layer occurred, especially in the more rapid marma- tite leaching reaction. The zinc sulfide bioleaching is significantly affected by min- eralogical properties and leach solutions, which is supported by the electrochemical measurements based on the working electrode of zinc sulfides carbon paste electrode.

The serial sub-culturing was found to be a very efficient strategy for adapting A. Adaptation of A. It is suggested that during adaptation In another attempt, the feasibility of using iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria for the acid leaching of a high-grade Pb-Zn ore material was tested.

The bioleaching was monitored by measuring the dissolved metals and by X-ray diffraction analysis of leach residues. The bioleaching efficiency varied between 0. The maximum dissolution of lead was achieved with the mesophilic A. The maximum recovery of zinc was achieved with moderately thermopilic S. Bioleaching of Low-Grade ZnS concentrate and complex Sulfides Pb-Zn using thermophilic Species A low-grade sphalerite concentrate was treated using native cultures of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans.

The biole- aching experiments were carried out in shake flasks at pH 1. Compared to the use of laboratory reference strains or control conditions, zinc recovery from the respective concentrate was greater when native isolates were employed.

Improvement of Stains for Bio-processing of Sphalerite Three induced mutation methods by ultraviolet radiation, microwave, and multiplex factors were compared to improve the bioleaching activity of Acidiothiobacillus caldus in processing the sphalerite mineral.

Moreover, there is a close relationship between the sulfate concentration and the bioleaching rate of sphalerite. The improvement of bioleaching rate by induced mutant strains is attributed to their faster growth rates and stronger sulfuric-acid-producing capabilities compared to that of the wild strains Devecia et al. This cannot be achieved by a simplified hydro- metallurgical circuit involving direct electrowinning of Zn.

Large-Scale development for Zinc concentrate Bioleaching GeoBiotics LLC has developed a proprietary heap bioleaching technology for the processing of sulfides of base metals and gold concentrates. The stacked heap has an open struc- ture and is highly permeable to the flow of solution and air. Acid solution, which contains acidophilic bacteria, is circulated through the heap to bio-oxidize and leach the contained metals.

The heat produced by the exothermic oxidation reactions causes the internal temperature of the heap to rise. Heat is transferred to the perco- lating solution and to the air blown up through the heap.

Rates of solution application and aeration are varied to control the heap temperature and maintain it within the optimum range for bacterial activity. The insulated stainless steel column, 6. The column was filled to a 6 m height with concentrate-coated support rock which was produced using a batch-coating method. After acid stabiliza- tion to reduce the solution pH to 1. The solution applica- tion rate and the aeration rate were adjusted to control the temperature and prevent it from rising beyond the maximum tolerable by mesophiles.

The column was operated for a total of 90 days. Concentrations of in excess of 90 g L—1 Zn in the column effluent did not appear to inhibit the microbial oxidation. Scale-up Studies for Bioleaching of Low-Grade Sphalerite ore Tests were conducted using a bench-scale column leach reactor while inoculating mesophilic Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and thermophilic Sulfobacillus iron- oxidizing bacteria initially isolated from the Sarcheshmeh chalcopyrite concentrate Kerman, Iran and Kooshk sphalerite concentrate Yazd, Iran , respectively.

In the inoculated column, jarosite and elemental sulfur were formed. The leaching rate of sphalerite increased with dissolved ferric ion concentration.

Present and future commercial applications of biohydro- metallurgy. Bioleaching of zinc and nickel from silicates using Aspergillus niger cultures. Hydrometallurgy 39— Choudhury, R. Zinc resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Current Science 81 7 : — Bioleaching and chemical leaching as an integrated process in the zinc industry. Deshpande, V. Sustainable waste management in the Indian mining industry. Waste Management Research — Devecia, H.

Bioleaching of complex zinc sulphides using mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria: comparative importance of pH and iron. Ek, C. Silver recovery from zinc hydrometallurgical residues. Espiari, S. Hydrometallurgical treatment of tailings with high zinc content.

Hydrometallurgy 54— Faraji, A. Nanoparticles in cellular drug delivery. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 17 8 : — Feng, L. Pelletizing and alkaline leaching of powdery low grade zinc oxide ores. Fourie, H. Gericke, M. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Ghosh, M. Cobalt and zinc extraction from Sikkim complex sulphide concentrate.

Transactions of Indian Institute of Metal 57 6 : — Ghule, K. Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles coated paper and its antibacterial activity study. Green Chemistry 8: — Gupta, A. Study on the recovery of zinc from Moore cake: a biotechnological approach. Minerals Engineering 41— Haghshenas, D. Adaptation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to high grade sphalerite concentrate. Kinetics of sphalerite bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Hossain, S. Bioleaching of zinc sul- phide ZnS ore using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Journal of the Institution of Engineers India 85 1 : 28— Hsu, C. Bacterial leaching of zinc and copper from mining wastes. Electrochemical aspects of selective bioleach- ing of sphalerite and chalcopyrite from mixed sulfides. International Journal of Mineral Processing 27 3—4 : — Kaewkannetra, P. Bioleaching of zinc from gold ores using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 16 4 : — Kashani, A.

Separation of oxidized zinc minerals from tailings: Influence of flotation reagents. Kondratyeva, T. Zinc- and arsenic-resistant strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans have increased copy numbers of chromosomal resistance genes.

Microbiology — Kori, S. Effect of process parameters for the extraction of zinc from sphalerite concentrates. Indian Mineralogist 36 1 : 42— Krishnan, K. The effect of microwave irradiations on the leaching of zinc from bulk sulphide concentrates produced from Rampura—Agucha tailings. Kurama, H. Recovery of zinc from waste material using hydrometallur- gical processes.

Environmental Progress 22 3 : — Labrenz, M. Sulfate-reducing bacteria-dominated biofilms that precipi- tate ZnS in a subsurface circumneutral-pH mine drainage system. Microbial Ecology — Formation of sphalerite ZnS deposits in natural biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Science — Lawrence, E. Ligiane, R.

Mackiw, V. Recovery of zinc and lead from complex low grade sulphide concentrates by acid pressure leaching. Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mineralogy and Metallurgy 60 : 80— Magyar, M.

Lead and other heavy metals: common contaminants of rainwater tanks in Melbourne. Mandal, D. The use of microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology — Mehta, K. Studies into the bioleaching of zinc from the tailings of the concentrator plant of Rajpura Dariba Mines, Hindustan Zinc Limited. Tech thesis, ISM Dhanbad, Mendez, M. Bacterial community characterization of an abandoned semi-arid lead-zinc mine tailings site.

Applied Environmental Microbiology, doi: Mittal, N. Minerals Engineering 13 5 : — Moreno, L. Long-term environmental impact of tailings deposits. Bioleaching of low-grade sphalerite using a column reactor. Hydrometallurgy 75— Mousavi, S. Bacterial leaching of low-grade ZnS concentrate using indigenous mesophilic and thermo- philic strains.

Hydrometallurgy 59— Mueller, B. Leaching of zinc from an industrial filter dust with Penicillium, Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium: Citric acid is the leaching agent rather than amino acids. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 14 3—4 : — Mukherjee, P.

Process for the prepara- tion of metal sulfide nanoparticles. US Patent No. Mulligan, C. Bioleaching of copper mining residues by Aspergillus niger. Water Science and Technology 41 12 : — Bioleaching of heavy metals from a low-grade mining ore using Aspergillus niger. Journal of Hazardous Materials 77— Nakamura, T. Basic consideration on EAF dust treatment using hydrometallurgical processes. Resources Processing — Ngenda, R. Base metals recovery from zinc hydrometallur- gical plant residues by digestion method.